Cableway



WILLIAM VAN DEN HEUVEL.

CABLEWAY.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 9, 1919.

1,362,275, Patented Dec. 14, 1920.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

1 WWW WILLIAM VAN DEN HEUVEL.

CABLEWAY.

APPLICATION HLED A.PR.9,1919.

1,36%??5. Patented Dec.14,1920.

2 SHEETSSHEET 2.

results.

WILLIAM VAN DEN HEUVEL, DE LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA.

GABLEWAY.

Specification of Letters Patent. Patented 14 1920,

Application filed April 9, 1919. Serial No. 288,810.

To all to 710m it may concern:

Be it known that I, VVILLIAM VAN DEN HnUvnL, a subject of Holland,residing at Los Angeles, in the county of Los Angeles, State ofCalifornia, have invented new and useful Improvements in Cableways, ofwhich the following is a specification.

This invention relates to cableway systems and, although not limited inits particular construction to or use to a cableway excavator, it isparticularly adapted to cableway excavators of the class hereindescribed. An object of the invention, as applied generally tocableways, or specifically as applied to cableway excavators and thelike, is to facilitate the eilicient operation ct such cableway orcableway excavators, and to increase the safety of their operation. 1

Heretofore it has been more or less common in cableway structures or thegeneral character herein described to employ a head tower of sutlicientheight and suspend a track cable from this head tower to a footanchorage of some character. T his foot anchorage may be either fixed ormovable and where the foot anchorage is movable it has been more or lesscommon to provide a swiveling structure on the head tower so as to keepthe track cable connection, etc. on that tower turned in its properrelative disposition to the foot anchorage. It has been more or lesscommon to put a swiveling or turn table platform in the upper part ofthe head tower and on this platform to mount the hoist or hoists orother mechanisms which are used to take up and pay out slack in thetrack cable and to operate the excavating bucket or other travel ingelement along the track cable. Such a construction requires a tower ofweight and strength greatly in excess of what is needed in my improveddesign, and requires bracing of the tower in all directions.

Furthermore, in such constructions, failures have been frequent in theoperating cables which are used to let out and take up slack on thetrack cable; and any breakage or failure in the slack adjusting systemof course hasallowed the track cable to be immediately released, usuallywith disastrous in installations of the character here described, wherethe. head tower may be 100 feet or more in height, and where the spancovered by the track cable may be a thousand feet or more, the strainupon the track cable, when the bucket or other traveling element isbeing operated, is very great.

Under this great strain, if the means for holding the end of the trackcable gives way, the track cable is released under an enormous force,usually causing a great deal of damage in addition to causing inevitabledelay in getting the apparatus in working order again.

lily new design and arrangement 0vercomes these difficulties, as well asvarious other minor diiiiculties in the present con struction. I providea head tower designed and constructed to give its maximum effectivestrength to resist forces imposed upon i by the track cable, and theother operating cables and parts, substantially in a single direction,or in directions within a comparatively small angle; and then 1preferably make this tower so that, as a whole, it is movable to beadjusted and put in proper position to effectively face the footanchorage in its different positions of adjustmentor movement. Then Iprovide a slack controlling system for the track cable which systemincludes a slack controlling device operative in such a manner as tocontrol the paying out of slack upon the track cable and also as tocontrol and elfectively hold the track cable in case of breakage orfailure of any kind in the mechanism by which the slack is adjusted. Iprovide an arrangement of the various parts of the whole combinationsuch that, where the head tower is movable, it is movable as a whole andthe hoist and slack controlling mechanisms move with it without changingrelative position. i hereinafter explain a head tower which isrotatively movable; but it will be understood that the tower and itsaccompanying parts may be moved in any desired manner. These and othergeneral features of my invention, together with other features of moreor less'specitic detail, will be best understood, and the invention as awhole will beniost easily intelligible, from the following'detailedcescription of preferred forms of systems and devices embodying my invention, reference for this purpose being had to the accompanying drawings,in which- Figure 1 is an elevation showing the general lay-out of mysystem; Fig. 2 is a corresponding plan; Fig. 3 is an enlarged detailview taken as indicated by line 33 on Fig. 2; Fig. at is an enlargeddetail view taken as indicated by line 4-l on Fig. 2;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged elevation of the slack ad'ustin mechanism Fi 6 isan elevation of the same taken as indicated by line 66 on Fig. Fig. 7 isan enlarged detail section taken as indicated by line 7'-7 on Fig. 6;and Fig. 8 is a view similar to Fig. 1, illustrating a modified form andarrangement of the system.

In the drawings a head toweris shown at A and a tail tower at F. lhesetwo ate spaced apart a suitable distance, depending upon the extent ofexcavation or other work desired; and a track cable G is suspendedbetween them. In the arrangement shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the track cableis permanently anchored at 10 to the tail anchorage and also permanentlyanchored at 11 to the head tower; the slack in the cable being changedand adjusted by movement of the head tower. The head tower is preferablyformed of a pair of forward legs 12, each of which is pivoted at 13 on asmall carrying' truck 14E running on rails-15 as illustrated. in theform and arrangement herein shown and described this head tower is madeto be adjustable in position, as a whole, by swinging around thevertical center designated in Fig. 1. A rear strut is pivotallyconnected at 21 to the top of the legs 12 of the head tower; and thisstrut 20 is normally in tension, for the cable C delivers a strain orforce to the top of the head tower, which tends at all times to pull thefront legs 12 forwardly. At E there is an extensible and contractiblemechanism which, as a matter of structure, can be taken as forming acontractible and expanding part or element of the strut 20; and it is inthis mechanism, and in its combina tion with the other parts hereindescribed,

that some of the features of my invention reside. Referring particularlyto Figs. 5 and 6, I will now explain in detail one preferred form ofthis mechanism E. I preferably use cylinder of a proper length; thelength depending upon the amount of'expansion and contraction desired inorder to throw the front legs 12 of the tower back and forth through asufficient variation to give to tracx cable G the differences in slackrequired in operation. Such a cylinder is shown at 25; and the upper endof this cylinder is directly connected at 26 with the lower end of thetension strut 20, so that the cylinder moves with the strut. A piston 27is mounted inthe cylinder and the piston rod 28 is connected at 29 to apivot 29 mounted in a foot bracket 30; this pivotal mounting providingfor the swinging motion of the mechanism E and. the strut 20. The strut20 with its mechanism E form a stiff member which is suficiently strongin compression to support the dead weight of the tower when the tensionof cable C is relieved. Normally this member is a tension strut. Footbracket 30 is mounted on a vertical pivot 31 on a base 32; and bolts areprovided at 33 to set and hold the foot bracket 30 in any desiredposition. When the head tower is swung around to any set position, themechanism E and the foot bracket 30 are also swung around and are thenset rigidly into position by tightening the bolts 33. The foot bracket30 may carry the platform P on which the hoist H may be mounted.ThishOist, which may be of any desired character, and operated by anysuitable motive power, winds up or pays out simultaneously upon two endsof a cable 35. This cable 35 (to describe its passage in sequence fromone end to another) passes from the drum of the hoist under a sheave 36at one side on the, pivot shaft 29 and then passesupwardly and over thesheave 37 mounted on a shaft 38 which is mounted and carried in theupper part of the structure of cylinder 25; and then passes down andaround and under another sheave 36 on shaft- 29 and then up and over asheave 38 which is mounted on cylinder 25; thence downwardly again andunder and around another sheave 39 on shaft 29, arranged on the side ofthe machine opposite to the s1de on which sheaves 36 are arranged, and

thence upwardly and over another sheave at the top of the cylinder andthence downwardly and under another sheave 39 and 9 back to the drum ofthehoist. It will be seen that rotation of the hoist drum in onedirection causes the two ends of the cable to be wound up on it causingthe upper part of the mechanism E-the element of the mechanism whichcomprises the cylinder an d the parts mounted upon itto be drawndownwardly. Rotation of the hoist: drum in the opposite direction, willallow the cable to unwind from the hoist and will allow upward movementof the cylinder and the parts connected with it.

The mechanism E and the hoist H. are mounted upon a suitable foundationD which is anchored in any suitable manner to resist the upward strainsimposed on it.

The two ends of cylinder 25 are connected by pipes 40, all and a2, witha valve interposed at 43. This valve may be opened and closed inaccordance with the operation desired, or maybe set in anadjustedposition to pass the fluid, preferably oil, at a restrictedrate. lf any of the operating parts, such as a cable 35 or thehoistmechanism, should break or giveway' in any'manner, it will readilybe seen that the tower will not be, by that fact, suddenly and freelyrelieved; but the restriction against the flow of iiuid from one end ofcylinder 25 to the other willcause the mechanism E to only gradually andslowly expand in length, so that, under such circumstances, the trackcable C will be gradually slackened until the limit of expansivemovement in mechanism E is reached. When this is done of course a greatdeal of strain has been relieved from the head tower, because themaximum amount of slack has been paid out onto the track cable C; andthe piston 27 will bring up against the end of the cylinder relativelyeasily. Thus all sudden shock, with its resultant damage, is easilyobviated. The structural parts of mechanism E are made strong enough towithstand, with an ample factor of safety, all the strains that may atany time be put upon it; so the mechanism ill becomes in fact a safetycontrol; or a compensator for the cable tension to cause retardedmovement in the case of accident. Of course this same element causesretarded movement in ordinary operation. For instance, in letting outslack, it is only necessary to release the brake B of the hoistmechanism and allow the mechanism E to be extended under the strainimposed upon the tower by the track cable, until the desired amount ofslack has been paid out into the track cable, when the brake may beagain applied. The brake need not be used to retard the paying out ofslack. Or this paying out of slack may be entirely controlled with thevalve 43; the valve being opened to allow passage of fluid at a suitable speed, and closed when the desired osition is obtained. Variousother methods of manipulation, by the combined use of the hoist operatedcables and the valve 43 will readily occur to those skilled in thehandling of such machinery, and need not be described here. However, itmay be mentioned that fluid pressure may be introduced say, through apipe 50, and may be diverted, by the manipulation of valves 51, throughpipes 52 and 53, to either end of the cylinder, to cause or to assist incausing movement of the piston in the cylinder by reason of fluidpressure; provision being made through the medium of valves for allowingescape of fluid from one end of the cylinder when fluid is being forcedinto the other end. Such fiuid pressureoperation of the mechanism E mayentirely take the place of the cable and hoist operation of the same.But at the same time, it will be seen, the b ')ass plays its part andwill always act to prevent too fast movement of the parts if theoperating means should give way. F or instance, if the pressure in thelower part of the cylinder should suddenly be relieved, valve 51 can beclosed and the by-pass valve 43 will then take care of the movement. Orvalve 51 (the valve through which fluid pressure is admitted to thelower end of the cylinder) may be set so as to allow passage of fluidonly at a restricted rate; and then any breakage in the fluid pressuresystem exterior to valve 51 will simply have the eflect of allowingfluid to escape slowly from the cylinder,allowing the track cable to beslacked slowly. By

such use of the fluid pressure connections for fluid operation, it willbe seen that the emergency movement retarding means may be included inthe means for operating the mechanism E, or may be independent ofitwhere by-pass valve 51 is used exclusively to retard the movement. Forthe purpose of quickly and automatically closing the passage of liquidthrough valves 51; in case of a break in the pressure system connectedto pipe 50, check valves 51 may be installed which open in thedirections indicated by the arrows.

The tail anchorage at F is preferably made in the form of acounterbalanced truss. The forward end of this truss travels on a trackT which may consist of a single rail laid on sleepers S on a curveconcentric about the center C The truss has spaced wheel bearings at 60on the rail T; and the truss is preferably formed as illustrated in thedrawings, the track cable C being connected to its uppermost point,about central of the truss. The rear end of the truss, which is broughtdown to a pointed construction, which is illustrated at 61, is looselyconnected (as by a pair of loose shackle bolts shown at 62) to a car 63which runs upon a track T This car is weighted with any suitablematerial; and the weight of the car is suiiicient at all times to keepthe truss down in its proper position, the moment exerted by theweighted car upon the truss with respect to the center of rotation ofthe truss upon the track T being greater than that exerted by the trackcable 0 upon the truss with respect to that center. Because theconnection at 62 between the truss and the car is a loose connection, itwill be seen that track T need not be laid with any great accuracy; ageneral parallelism of track T to track T being suflicient.

The tracks T and T may be of any desired extent and may extend more orless completely in a circle around the center C The tail anchorage F isof course placed in pos1tion to put the track cable C wherever desired;and the head tower A is put into a corresponding position. Now it willhe noted that llfzilCliOWGl A is so constructed that it is of maximumefficiency, as regards strength, when it is facing the foot anchorage Fand the head tower A may be adjusted in position to keep substantiallyat all times this position facing the tail anchorage 13. Of coursethisdoes not mean that the vertical plane of the track cable C must at alltimes accurately bisect the angle between the two front struts 1Qtl1erecan be some substantial variation from this theoretically best position,the amount of variation depending upon the angle be tween the frontstruts 12. But it is designed to keep the head tower in substantiallythis relative position, faced toward the tail for maximum; strength to.resist strains. im-

posed upon it. in; substantially one direction only,.it isreadily seenthat there isno waste ofmaterialor: excess weight, 1n the tower.

Although I for some reasons prefer the form and arrangement which. hasbeen described,particularly because in large installations. a locked.cable may be used as a track cable,.the cable nothaving to pass over asheave but being directly secured to the tower yet my invention may beapplied to other forms and arrangements. In Figs. 1 and 2' I haveillustrated the track cable asbeinp; permanently attached to the top. ofthehead. tower A; and-have illustrated and described the arrangement andmethod of changing. theslack by means of'moving' the head tower'itself;In Fig. 8 I show an arrangement wherein the head tower A is notadjustable in position with regard to movement in avertical plane(although of course it may be movable horizontally as a whole,oradjustable rotatably about vertical aXisas hasbeenhereinbeforedescribed). This tower may be supported permanently inposition by a rear supporting str-ut 20%;. and the track cable C passesover alarge sheave at the upper end of the tower;. the track cableextending; clownwardly. and being connected to the expansive and:contractive mechanism E which is the same as hereinhefore described. Theoperationof mechanism E is the same as herein before stated; except thatinthis case it of course takes in and pays out slack directly upon thecable. C, without moving the head tower. Outsideof this distinctionhowever, the two systems are the same. And it will. be readilyunderstood from this how my invention may be applied to other variationsand to other systems with equal effect.

In the form of device shown in Fig. 1 Where thehead tower is rotated orotherwise movable as a whole in order to be adjusted in position, I maytie the lower ends of the forward legs 12 with a connective tie beam 70.The platform P which carries the hoist Hand. also carries the hoist Hoperating cable 72 tooperate the excavator or other traveler 73-thisplatform P may be mounted upon or connected to the rota-table footbracket" 30 in any suitable manner such as shown in detail in thedrawings. There may also be ties 74; between this platform and the lowerends of the forward struts or legs 12. By this. sort of construction thethree strut or leg; elements of the tower are horizontally tied togetherat their lower ends; so that all the parts may be easily moved togetherwith one another, and so that nospreading strains are put upon the track15 and so that it is'unnecessary to lock the trucks 14 to the track asrigidly or as strongly as would otherwise be necessary to hold thelower. ends of. the front legs 12 strictlytrue when the towerlegs are intheir" medial position the'tower as shown in Fig. l in its-positionsubstantially farthest tothe left ;.or in the position where the track.cable C is held at its greatest tension).

In the form shown in Fig. 8, which illustratesanon-moving towerstructure, it is of course, not necessary to have the horizontal ties,as each of the three vertical strut or lee; members is mounted directlyupon a permanent foundation. In this case the two hoists are alsomounted upon permanent foundations.

Now whether both ofv the-hoists (or the hoist H and, broadly speaking,the means for operating the mechanism E) are mounted upon a platformrotative upon a foundation or are mounted directly upon a perma nentfoundation, there'are peculiarly advantageous features of operation inmy structure which are not found in any present structures of which I amaware. In most present structures the hoist mechanism which operates thetraveler is mounted upon a rotative platform at the top of the heavytower structure hereinbefore referred to. The track cable runs over asheave supported on this rotative platform. Foundations or anchors knownas dead-men are placed behind the tower and the follower block apparatusis anchored to these dead-men and attached to the track cable. The hoistmechanism which operates the follower block is then mounted on asuitable permanent foundation behind the tower. Even in such aconstruction as this where the direct lineal pull of the track cable isresisted by the rear anchorage there is of course in every case atendency on the part of this cable tension to pull the tower forward,due to the fact that the cable passes over and down behind a sheave atthe top of thetower. When the traveler hoist is mounted, as it is, on aplatform at the top of the tower, all the horizontal strainsofoperatingthe traveler along the towercable are transmitted wholly tothe tower and tend to pull. the tower forwardly; In other words thesestrains have cumulative effect with the strains of the track cabletending; to pull the tower forwardly at its top; and this is one of thereasons why such towers have been heretofore constructed with suchexcessive bulk and heaviness.

On the other hand, in my construction it will be. seen that the directlineal-strain on the traveler cable is transmitted down to the hoistwhich ismounted on a foundation;

consequently these strains tend somewhat to hold the tower down insteadof being effective solely and wholly toward overturning the tower.

In the movable form of my device where the hoist moves, or rotates, withthe tower as a whole it will be seen that the hoists and the slackmechanism and all other parts are always in proper working relation tothe tower.. It is not necessary, as has herebefore been the case, tochange the position of the hoist, etc. every time the position of thetower has to be changed slightly. This fact not only facilitateschanging the position of my apparatus and makes it very easy to handleas compared with prior structures; but this easy adjustment is also avery great inducement to the operators keeping the head tower in truealineinent at all times; and this is a feature of considerablepracticable importance in a movable tower construction and especially inmy design where i the tower is designed and constructed for maximumeiiiciency in a single direction of operation.

Having described a preferred form of my invention, I claim:

1. In a cableway, a suspended cable, means for selectively varying theslack on said cable, and movement retarding means con nected with thecable, said retarding means operating to insure a gradual taking up ofslack by said cable when varied by sa1d varying means.

2. In a cableway, a suspended cable, means for varying the slack on saidcable, and movement retarding means connected with the cable to take thestrain of the sus pended cable in case the slack varying means givesway.

3. In a cableway, a tower, a cable con nected to the tower, means forselectively varying the slack on said cable by movlng the tower, andmovement retarding means connected to the tower to insure a gradualmovement of the same.

4t. In a device of the character described,

a slack controlling mechanism, embodying two relatively movableelements, one of said elements being connected to a cable, means tocause relative movement of the elements to vary the slack in the cable,and movement retarding means between the two elements. 4

5. In a device of the character described, a slack controllingmechanism, embodying two relatively movable elements, one of saidelements being connected to a cable, means to cause relative movement ofthe elements in one direction to take up slack in the cable, and meansto retard relative movement of the elements in the opposite direction.

6. In combination with a suspended cable, a slack controlling mechanismembodying two elements one connected to the cable and the otherrelatively fixed, means for relatively moving said elements to take upslack in the cable, and motion retarding means between the two elements.

7. In combination with a suspended cable, a slack controlling mechanismembodying two elements one connected to the cable and the otherrelatively fixed, means for relatively moving said elements to take upslack in the cable, and motion retarding means between the two elementsto retard motion thereof in a direction to pay out slack in the cable,said retarding means being independent of the motion causing means.

8. In combination with a suspended cable, a slack controlling mechanismembodying two elements one connected to the cable and the otherrelatively fixed, means for relatively moving said elements to take upslack in the cable, and motion retarding means be tween the two elementsto retard motion of the elements opposite to that caused by the firstmentioned means.

9. In combination with a suspended cable, a slack controlling mechanismembodying two elements one connected to the cable and the otherrelatively fixed, means for moving said element which is connected tothe cable, in one direction to take up slack in the cable, and fluidpressure means for retarding I110- tion between the two elements.

10. In combination with a suspended cable, a slack controlling mechanismembodying two elements one connected to the cable and the otherrelatively fixed, means for movingsaid element, which is connected tothe cable, inone direction to take up slack in the cable, and hydraulicmeans for retarding motion between the two elements in a directionopposite to that caused by the hoist and cable.

11. In combination with. a suspended cable, a slack controllingmechanism embodying two elements one connected to the cable and theother relatively fixed, said two elements including respectively acylinder and a piston, fluid pressure means for operating the piston inthe cylinder, and means for retarding the movement of the piston in thecylinder embodying a means for restricting the passage of fluid from thecylinder.

12. In a device of the character described, a slack controllingmechanism, embodying two relatively movable elements which includerespectively a piston and a cylinder, said cylinder adapted to contain afluid, a controllable by-pass between the ends of the cylinder tocontrol and retard movements of the piston, and independent means forcausing relative movement of the two elements.

13. In a device oi the character described, a slack controllingmechanism, embodying two relatively movable elements which includerespectively a piston and a cylinder, said cylinder adapted to contain afluid, a controllable by-pass between the ends of the cylinder tocontrol and retard movements of the piston, and fluid pressure means tomove the piston in the cylinder.

14:. In a device of the character described, a slack controllingmechanism embodying two relatively movable elements which includerespectively a piston and a cylinder, said cylinder adapted to contain afluid, a controllable by-pass between the ends of the cylinder tocontrol and retard movements of the piston, and independent means forcausing movement of the two elements toward each other so as to contractthe mechanism. 15. Ina device of the character described, a slackcontrolling mechanism, embodying two relatively movable elements whichinclude respectively a piston and a cylinder, said cylinder adapted tocontain a fluid, a controllable-bypass between the ends of the cylinderto control and retard movements of the piston, sheaves carried by thetwo elements, a cable passing over said sheaves, and means to take upand pay out the cable. 16. In a device of the character described, atower embodying front legs pivotally mounted at their lower ends andjoined at their =u-pper ends,'a strut member standing behind the legs,said member including an expansive and contractive mechanism, and means"to contract and expand such mechanism and thereby to expand or contractthe effective length of the rear strut member.

"17 In a device of the character described, a tower embodying spreadingfront legs and a strut member standing behind the legs, a

track cable supported by the tower, and a mechanism adapted to pay outand take up slack on the track cable, the tower as a whole and saidmechanism being mounted movably to be moved together in fixed relativeposition.

18. In a device of the character described, a'tower embodying spreadingfront legsand a strut member standing behind the legs, a track cablesupported by the' tower, and a mechanism adapted to pay out and take upslack on the track cable, a traveler on the track cable and a cablefor'the traveler pass ing over the tower, a hoist to operate said cable,and the tower as a whole and said mechanism and the hoist being mountedto be movable together in fixed relative position.

19. In a cableway, the combination of a head tower, a foot'tower, atrack cable sus pended between them, the foot tower being movable andthe head tower being movable as ,a whole to adjustits position withrelation to the foot tower, a traveler and a traveler cable passing overthe head tower,

and a vhoist for the traveler Lcable mounted on a vfoundation below thetower-so that the strains of the traveler cable are trans mitted throughthe hoist to the foundation.

20. In a cableway, the combination of a a hoist for the traveler cablemounted on a V foundation below the tower so that the strains of thetraveler cable are transmitted through the hoist to the foundation, andsaid hoist being movable on its foundation tion to it.

21. In a device of the character described, a tower embodying a pair offorward spreading legs and a rear tension strut member which includesacontractive and expansive mechanism, the forward legs being pivotallymounted at their lower ends and the rear strut being pivotally connectedto the upper ends of the forward legs, so that -expansion andcontraction of said mechanism will cause change of position of theforward legs.

22. In a device of the character described, a tower embodying a pair offorward spreading legs and a rear tension strut member which includes acontractive and expan sive mechanism, the forward legs being pivotallymounted at their lower ends and :the

rear strut being pivotally connected to the upper ends of the forwardlegs, so :that expansion and contraction 'of said mechanism will causechange of position of the forward legs, and a movable mounting for allthe foregoing named parts whereby they may be moved together in fixedrelation to each other.

23. In a device of the character described, a tower embodying a pair offorward spreading legs and a rear tension strut member which includesacontractive and expansive mechanism, the forward legs being pivotallymounted at their lower ends and the rear strut being pivotally connectedto the upper ends of the forward legs, so thatex pansion and contraction:of said mechanism will cause change of position of the forward legs,and a mounting for all the foregoing named parts whereby they :may beall sw'ung together around a center point near the lower end of the rearstrut.

24. In a device of the character described, a tower embodying a pair offorward spreading legs and a rear tension strut a111- cluding acontractive and expansive mechanism, mountings for the forward legswhichinclude pivotal supports for :the legs and means whereby the legs may bemoved in with the tower as to maintain a fixed relathereby tilt the legsabout their lower piv- 10 otal mountings.

In witness that I claim the foregoing I have hereunto subscribed my namethis 31st day of March, 1919.

WILLIAM VAN DEN HEUVEL.

Witness:

VIRGINIA BERINGER.

